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Taphrina caerulescens
''Taphrina caerulescens'' is a species of fungus in the Taphrinaceae family. It is a pathogenic Ascomycete fungus that causes Oak Leaf Blister disease on various species of Oak trees (''Quercus'' sp.). The associated anamorph species is ''Lalaria coccinea'', described in 1990. This disease causes lesions and blisters on Oak leaves. Effects of the disease are mostly cosmetic. Although not taxonomically defined, strains of ''T. caerulescens'' have been shown to be host specific with varying ¬ascus morphology between strains.〔Snider, R. D., & Kramer, C. L. (1974). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and numerical taxonomy of Taphrina caerulescens and Taphrina deformans. Mycologia, 66(5), 743-753. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3758195〕 There are differences in strains’ abilities to metabolize various carbon and nitrogen compounds. This has been proposed as a method of taxonomically defining subspecies within ''T. caerulescens''.〔Mix, A., J. 1954. Differentiation of species of Taphrina in culture. Ultilization of nitrogen compounds. Mycologia, 45(6), 721-727.〕〔Mix, A., J. 1953. Differentiation of species of Taphrina in culture. Utilization of nitrogen compounds. Mycologia, 45(5), 649-670. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4547747.〕
''T. caerulescens'' is very closely related to ''Taphrina deformans'', which causes Peach Leaf Curl. These two pathogens have indistinguishable asci. However, ''T. deformans'' infects peach tree species while ''T. caerulescens'' infects Oak tree species only.
==Hosts and Symptoms==
''Taphrina caerulescens'' infects about 50 different species of Oak (''Quercus''), predominately red oak (Q. eruthrobalanus) and some white oak (Q. leurobalanus). Oak Leaf Blister is found across the country and in varying parts of the world but is most severe in the south east and Gulf States of the U.S.〔Sinclair, W. A., Lyon, H. H., & Johnson, W. T. (1987) Diseases of trees and shrubs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.〕
It is generally accepted that a ''T. caerulescens'' strain isolated from one host cannot be used to infect a different host species. This indicates that there are a number of different strains within ''T. caerulescens.'' For instance, it has been observed where a single, heavily-infected oak tree of one species is surrounded by various other susceptible oak species which remain symptom-less of Oak Leaf Blister the entire season. In a study by Taylor & Birdwell, pathogen isolates from Water, Live, and Southern Red Oak were used to inoculate the host Live Oak. Asci developed on the Live Oak only from pathogen isolates originating from the Live Oak, further indicating host specificity. The extent of strains' host specificity is not fully known and no taxonomic specifications are in place to name these strains.〔Taylor, J. & Birdwell, D. O. (2000). A scanning electron microscopic study of the infection of water oak (Quercus nigra) by Taphrina caerulescens. Mycologia 92(2) 309-311. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3761566〕 Various strains have also been shown to differ in their nitrogen and carbon compound metabolic profiles 〔〔
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